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Job Exposure Index list

Jobs AI can't replace

The 50 US jobs where AI can speed up the least of the work, out of 923. Most involve hands-on physical work, care for people, or work in unpredictable places.

#JobExposureLevelUS workersMedian pay
1Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping CleanersBuilding and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance0Low2,209,760$36,840
2Maids and Housekeeping CleanersBuilding and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance0Low860,670$35,510
3Cooks, Fast FoodFood Preparation and Serving Related0Low641,070$30,890
4Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender HelpersFood Preparation and Serving Related0Low542,750$33,980
5DishwashersFood Preparation and Serving Related0Low477,450$34,810
6Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and TendersProduction0Low379,060$43,220
7Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine SpecialistsInstallation, Maintenance, and Repair0Low289,960$61,770
8Cement Masons and Concrete FinishersConstruction and Extraction0Low206,170$57,020
9Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and TrimmersProduction0Low145,700$38,300
10Cooks, Short OrderFood Preparation and Serving Related0Low138,650$35,880
11Electrical Power-Line Installers and RepairersInstallation, Maintenance, and Repair0Low131,070$95,320
12Tire Repairers and ChangersInstallation, Maintenance, and Repair0Low108,410$37,710
13Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and TendersProduction0Low96,130$50,270
14Slaughterers and Meat PackersProduction0Low69,950$40,130
15OrderliesHealthcare Support0Low52,440$38,290
16Roustabouts, Oil and GasConstruction and Extraction0Low44,970$46,960
17Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and SteamfittersConstruction and Extraction0Low44,330$42,360
18Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment OperatorsConstruction and Extraction0Low41,820$53,340
19Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface MiningConstruction and Extraction0Low34,480$57,430
20Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and PlasticProduction0Low33,190$46,170
21Agricultural Equipment OperatorsFarming, Fishing, and Forestry0Low28,500$41,730
22Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard TilesConstruction and Extraction0Low23,640$56,460
23RiggersInstallation, Maintenance, and Repair0Low22,530$62,640
24Helpers--CarpentersConstruction and Extraction0Low21,680$43,780
25Automotive Glass Installers and RepairersInstallation, Maintenance, and Repair0Low20,310$47,630
26Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment OperatorsConstruction and Extraction0Low19,580$70,070
27Wellhead PumpersTransportation and Material Moving0Low17,990$69,960
28Athletes and Sports CompetitorsArts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media0Low15,070$66,710
29Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble SettersConstruction and Extraction0Low14,170$47,550
30Continuous Mining Machine OperatorsConstruction and Extraction0Low14,000$61,810
31Motorcycle MechanicsInstallation, Maintenance, and Repair0Low13,510$48,580
32TapersConstruction and Extraction0Low12,840$68,270
33Foundry Mold and CoremakersProduction0Low12,790$48,110
34Derrick Operators, Oil and GasConstruction and Extraction0Low10,590$58,620
35Painting, Coating, and Decorating WorkersProduction0Low7,940$41,600
36StonemasonsConstruction and Extraction0Low7,820$57,390
37Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco MasonsConstruction and Extraction0Low7,490$40,470
38Helpers--Extraction WorkersConstruction and Extraction0Low6,700$47,730
39Cutters and Trimmers, HandProduction0Low6,060$38,020
40Helpers--RoofersConstruction and Extraction0Low6,030$44,160
41Pourers and Casters, MetalProduction0Low4,560$51,810
42Hoist and Winch OperatorsTransportation and Material Moving0Low2,600$56,450
43Motorboat OperatorsTransportation and Material Moving0Low2,480$47,520
44Pile Driver OperatorsConstruction and Extraction0Low2,310$73,300
45Roof Bolters, MiningConstruction and Extraction0Low2,160$78,540
46Terrazzo Workers and FinishersConstruction and Extraction0Low1,180$76,170
47Refractory Materials Repairers, Except BrickmasonsInstallation, Maintenance, and Repair0Low1,080$61,290
48Dredge OperatorsTransportation and Material Moving0Low1,040$49,640
49Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and PlasticProduction1Low171,200$46,330
50Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related MaterialsProduction1Low26,120$35,060

US workers and median pay: BLS, May 2025. Exposure scores: how they work.

Questions

Jobs AI can't replace: which come first?

Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (0/100), Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (0/100), Cooks, Fast Food (0/100). The full list has 50 jobs.

How is AI exposure measured?

Each job's tasks, from the US Department of Labor's O*NET database, are rated on whether AI could do them at least twice as fast at the same quality. The score is the share of tasks AI can speed up, from 0 to 100.

Does a low score mean the job is safe forever?

No. It means today's AI can speed up little of the work. Tools around the job can still change, so it pays to keep learning.

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